temIhy]mcIcmdpw Irjnbpw

Cy t]v \nbaw

]pXnb Ip]nSpsf kwcnpXn\mbn \nehn hnp \nba amWv Cy t]v BIvSv 1970. Cu \nbaw 1911  \nehnepmbncp Cy t] v BIvSv Bv Unssk BIvSns XpSbmbn DmbnpXmWv. temIhym]mc DSSnsbpSv t]v \nban ka{Kamb ]cnjvImcw thnhp. AXns ^eambn 1999, 2002, 2005 XpSnb hjfn Cy t]v \nbaw Bhiyamb t`ZKXnIfneqsS ]cnjvIcnpIbpmbn. t]v AhImiw Fp ]dbpXv Hcp Ip]nSpw \Sp Bv XfpsS Ip]nSpw Hcp \nnX Imebfhntev hymhkmbnIambn NqjWw sNpXn\p Hcp IpImhImiamWv. Cu \nba{]Imcw aph {]kvXpX Ip]nSpw \nnXImetv D]tbmKnptXm NqjWw sNptXm XSbm\p \nba]camb AhImiw, Ip]nSpw \Sp BpmbncnpXmWv. t]v km[mcWbmbn ]pXpXmbn Ip]nSn Hcp D]n\mWv \ImdpXv. Fm D]mZ\ {]{Inbbpw 1999 \v apv Cybn \nehnencp t]v \nba{]Imcw t]n\lambncpp. Ccw t]pI Ipd hnebn AtemXn acppI D]mZnnm Cybnse acpp I\nIv klmbIamIpIbpw ap cmPyfnse hnesb At]nv hfsc Ipd hnebvv km[mcWmv acpv e`yamm\pw Ignncpp. D]mZ\ {]{Inbm t]n\p ]Icw D] t]pI \nehn hm Huj[ hne IpXnpIbdpsav `bsSpp

t]v B^okv

t]v B^oknse DXm[nImcn It{Smf P\d BWv. t]n\pw Unssk\pw hym]mc\mapw Htc It{Smf P\d XsbmWv NpaXe hlnpXv. IqSmsX t]v At]I ]cntim[npXn\mbn tI{km t]v ]cntim[Isc \nbanpXpambncnpw. t]v ItSmfv km[mcW knhn tImSXnbpsS A[nImc DmbncnpXmWv. kakv AbpI, sXfnhpI kzoIcnpI, kmnIsf hnkvXcnpI, DchpI ]pdsSphnpI, XpSnb \nbaw A\phZnp Ihy sNphm It{Smf _m[y\mbncnpw.

t]v FSpmhp Ip]nSp

]pXnbXpw, hymhkmbnIambn D]tbmKnmhpXpw, imkv{Xob Ip]nSpn A[njvTXhpambncnWw. Cshohv sv DXpw imkv{Xobamb Ip]nSpw DsmpXpambncnWw
ap]v {]knoIcnnnmXpw Asn ]ckysSpmtXm Bb ]pXnb Ip]nSp
IqSmsX X\Xp imkv{Xn sshZKvyap Bv km[mcWw Fp tXmmXmb IsepI Asn km[mcWKXnbn Ip]nSnm\mhmXmb Ip]nSpw.

t]v e`nm Ip]nSp

kaqly\oXnbvpw \nehnep \nbapsaXncmb Ip]nSp
km[mcW IsepItfm, imkv{Xob knmtfm, ]mTtfm Bbh
hnhn[ kman{KnIfpsS shdpsamcpan{inXhpw AhbpsS Iqmb khnitjXI am{Xw DsmpXpamb Ip]nSp
shdpw {IaoIcWtam ]p\{IaoIcWtam Bb Ip]nSp
IrjncoXnbpw D]mZ\ {]{Inbbpw
ikv{X{Inbm coXn, ip{iqjm coXn, NnInm coXn XpSnbh
kkytfm Pptfm apgph\mtbm `mKnIamtbm
KWnXimkv{X]camb knm

t]n\v At]np coXn

Hcp Ip]nSpw \S thfbn IgnhXpw t\cs t]v InpXn\p At] t]v cPnkv{Smv kantXmWv. C{]Imcw sNpXv Ip]nSpn\v apKW\ e`npXn\pthnbmWv. {]tXyInv Htc hnjbn DmIp Ip]nSpfn apKW\ e`npXn\mbnmWv Ip]nSpw \S DSs\ Xs t]v At]\Iphm \njvIjnpXv. C{]Imcw At] \nnXt^mdn At]m^okSw AXXp t]v cPnkv{Smv \tIXpv. Cu At]tbmsSmw Xs Ip]nSpns Hcp {]mYanI kvs]kn^ntj\pw \tIXpv. C{]Imcw {]mYanI At] \InbXn\ptijw 12 amkn\Iw ]qamb kvs]kn^ntj cPnkv{Snbn ^b sNtXpv. Bhiysan 12 amkImemh[n 2 amkw IqSn \onInmhpXmWv. C{]Imcw kabw \onInpXn\mbn {]tXyIw At] \tIXpv. t]v At]tbmS\p_np ]qamb kvs]kn^ntj\v Xmsg ]dbp {]Imcnep DSw DmbncntXmWv.

Ip]nSpw \nNnp Xesv
Ip]nSpns imkv{XkmtXnI imJ
Ip]nSps kw_nv \nehnep kmtXnI Adnhpw ]cnm\hpw
Ip]nSpns apgph hniZoIcWw
cq]tcJI, Nn{X, Unssk
]pXnb Ip]nSpspdnp AhImihmZ
Ip]nSs kw_np {]mh\

t]v At]m]cntim[\

Hcn ]q kvs]kn^ntj kanpIgnm At]I t]v ]cntim[nphm {]tXyIw At] \tIXmWv. km[mcW t]v At]{]knoIcnv 36 amkn\pnembn Ccw At] \tIXmWv. t]v At] ]cntim[npXn\mbn {]tXyIw \nbannp t]v ]cntim[I At]bnse Ip]nSpns ]pXpa, D]tbmKyX, kam\kz`mhap D] Fnhsbdnp At\zjWw \Sn AhcpsS FXnpIfpw hntbmPnpItfmSpw IqSn At]I\bpsImSppw. Ccw hntbmPnn\pw FXnn\pw adp]Sn \IpXn\pw At]bn AXn\\pkcnp am hcppXn\pw 12 amks kabw A\phZnnpv. CXv ]cntim[\m dntmv Inn 12 amktp ImebfhmWv. Ccw At\zjWpw hnebncpepIpw tijw At]I\v t]v \IpXn\lamsWp Isnbm AXv Kkn ]ckysSppw. AXn\ptijw AXv Xtam hntbmPntm ^b sNpXn\v 4 amkw kaba\phZnpw. FXnpIfpsn Cu \mep amkn\Iw ^bsNt Xpv. Cu Imemh[nbvpn FXnn\v At] \IpIbmsWn 1 amkw IqSn \onInmhpXmWv. C{]Imcw DmIp X Csn t]v {]knoIcWn\ptijw \nnXImebfhn\pn t]v A\phZnp\IpXmWv.

t]ns Imemh[n

At]np Znhkw apX 20 hjtbvmWv t]n\p Imemh[n \IpXv. 2005se \nbat`ZKXnbvv ap]v Imemh[n 14 hjambncpp. t]v km[mcWbmbn hmjnI ^okv \In ]pXpn \ne\ntXpv. 20 hjn\ptijw t]v DSabpsS A\phmZanmsX CXv Bhiymv {]m]yamIpXmWv.

t]v AhImiewL\w

t]nepsS Ip]nSpw \Sp Bfn\v Inp AhImiw aph ewLnpItbm Zpcp]tbmKw sNpItbm sNbvXm DSabvv knhn \nba\S]Sn{IaneqsS Cvj XpSnb \S]SnI kzoIcnmhpXmWv.

Amcmjv{St]v At]

Hcp Ip]nSpw \Snb hynv Amcmjv{St]n\v At]\Iphm km[npXmWv. At]I t]v klIcWDSSnbnse AwKcmPyfn {]tXyIw {]tXyIw At]\IpXn\p]Icw Amcmjv{St]v At] Hcn t]v cPnkv{Snbn \Inbm aXn. Ccw At] {]mtZinI At] \In 12 amkn\pn kantXpv. C{]Imcw \Ip At]bpsS apKW\ {]mtZinI At]bneqsS DmIp apKW\Xsbmbncnpw. C{]Imcw At]\Inbtijw GsXms cmPyfn t]v IntXptm B cmPyfnsems \nnX ^okv \In \S]Sn{Ia aptmp \otXpv.

temIhy]mcIcmdpw Irjnbpw
temI hy]mcIcm
_unI kzhImihpw A\p_ {]iv\fpw
IPR Dw ImjnI taJebpw
WTA bpw tIcf ImjnI taJebpw
FTA Ifpw tIcf ImjnI taJebpw
IPR Dw A\p_ \nbafpw
ssPh sshhn[yX \nbaw
]pXnb kky P\ppIfpsSbpw IjImhImifpsSbpw kwcW \nbaw
`qanimkv{X]camb kqNnII fpsS kwcW \nbaw
`ykpcm am\Z \nbaw
hnp \nbaw