BhnjvImcw: tIcf ImÀjnI kÀÆIemime & sF.sF.sF.än.Fw.sI

tlmw>>ImÀjnI D]tZiI kÀÆokv>>Irjn

Imeno hnfI

Xo]ppI

Kn\npv

tIcfnse ImemhbvptbmPn Xopn\amWv Kn\npv. ImjnIh\-hc Whpambn _sSpnbpw sXntXmn CShnfbmbpw Cu ]pp hfmw. Db Dev]mZ\aXbpXpsImpw IpImenIv CjvSapXmbXpsImpw Irjnbvv tbmPn Xopn\fn {][m\amWv CXv.

Ac ao apX 4.5 ao hsc Dbcn hfcp Cu ZoLIme C\ns CeI 10 apX 100 sk. ao \ofhpw 3.5 sk. ao. hoXnbpw DhbmWv.Bgn t]mIp CSXq \mcpthcp]SeamWpXv.

{][m\ C\

ap\n, dnhkvtU, lan, ]n..Pn.Pn.þ4, F^vB-þ600, lcnX, acXIw FnhbmWv. hcsb sNdpphm Ignhp ap\n F C\w agsb B{ibnp Irjn sNm ]nbXmWv.

guinea

NqSpw Cuhpap Imemhbn Kn\npv \mbn hfcpw. kap{Z\ncn \np 1800 ao Dbcn hsc hfcphm Ignhp Cu hnfbvv ans\ AXnPohnm\mhn. 15 apX 38^oC Xm]\nesb hsc CXv AXnPohnpw.

tIcfnse kmlNcyfn \Soen\p ]nb kabw agmew Bcw`np tabv Pq amkfmWv. PetkNnXIrjnbn \So GXpkabpw \Smw. Nn\pItfm hntm \Sms\Spmw.Nn\pIfmWv IqSpX \Xv.AeIpI e`npXn\v ]gb ISI CfnsbSpv Ahbn\nv AeIpI thsSpnsbSpWw.Hcp slIvSdn \SpXn\v 1.25 ew Nn\pI thnhcpw.hnmWv D]tbmKnpsXn 3 In. {Kmw hnv thnhcpw.hnp XhmcWbn ]mInapfnp ssXI ]dnp\tSnhcpw.

XhmcW Ifhnapambncnm {]tXyIw {inWw. 100 sk. ao. hoXnbnepw 20 sk. ao. Bgnepw NmepIsfSpv Imenhfw, t^mkv^dkv, s]mmknbw Fnh apambn tNv NmepI \ndv 15 sk. ao. Dbcnep hcpIfmpI. ]pfnckap an HnShnp hjfn slIvSdn\p 500 In.{Kmw F tXmXn Ipmbw CpsImSpWw.

Hcp Nphn aqp AeIv F tXmXn \Smw.CShnfbmbn IrjnsNptm 40 x 20 sk. ao. AIehpw X\nhnfbmbn IrjnsNptm 60 x 30 sk.ao. AIehpamWv thXv. Hcp slIvSdn\v ASnhfambn 10 S Imenhfhpw 50 In. {Kmw hoXw t^mkvt^pw, s]mmjpw BhiyamWv.tahfambn 200 In.{Kmw ss\{SP cp Xpey`mKfmbn BZy KUp BZys hnfshSpn\ptijhpw cmw KUp Xpemhj kabpw tNWw.PetkN\ kuIcyapsn tahfw IqSpX KUpfmbn \ImhpXmWv.hfw sNSnbpsS CcphipIqSnbpw Cv av IqWw.

\v ]pZnhkn\Iw cpXhWsbnepw \\psImSppXv sNSnI thKw thcp]nSnpXn\p klmbIamIpw.km[mcWbmbn 7 apX 10 Znhknsemcn \\bvtXpv.Hmtcm hnfshSpn\ptijhpw sXmgpn \np shw sImv \\bvpXv hnfhv hnnpw.

hfbpsS BZys amkw If\nb{Ww AXymhiyamWv.cpXhW CSbnfWw.]noSp aqtm \mtem {]mhiyw hnfshSpXn\p tijta CSbnftXpq.]pv 1.5 ao Dbcsanbm hnfshSpmw. \nep\np 15þ20 sk.ao. Dbcn hmWv apdntXv.\p 9-þ10 BgvN Ignm BZyhnfshSpv \Smw.AXn\ptijw 45 apX 60 Znhkw CShnp hnfshSpmw. Hcp hjw 6-7 XhW hnfshSpm km[npw.Hcp slIvSdn \np Hcp hjw 80-þ100 S ]pp e`npw.h]b, sstem, kntdmt{Sm Fo ]bhhnfI an{ihnfbmbn IrjnsNmw.

t]mjIKpWapXpw HmIvkntepI CmXpamb ]pmWnXv.\ ssktePpw sshbvtmepw CXn\np e`npw.8 apX 14 iXam\w hsc amwkyhpw 28 apX 36 iXam\w hsc \mcpw CXnepv.

Kmw_]pv

kZm_lm F t]cnepw AdnbsSp Cu ]pv 1-þ2 ao Dbcn hfcpw.
hcsb 4þ5 amkw hsc sNdpp \np CXv ImpXotbbpw Hcp ]cn[nhsc AXnPohnpw.`mKnIamb XWen \Xpt]mse hfcpsaXpsImv sXntXmpIfn CShnfbmbn IrjnsNmw. hnphgntbm, Nn\pI ]dnp\tm hwih\ \Smw.Kn\npns IrjncoXnI XsbmWv CXn\pw A\phntXv.

gamba

BZyhjw Hcp slIvSdn \np 50 apX 80 S hsc ]pp e`npw.cmw hjw apX IqSpX hnfhp e`npXpSpw.]pn 5.5% amwkyhpw 32.6% \mcpw ASnbnpv.

skmdnb ]pv

tKmU Xntamn F t]cn AdnbsSp Cu ]pv icmicn agbp DjvW  antXmjvW taJebn \mbn hfcpw. {][m\ C\ \n, \mtcmIv, ImkKpf FnhbmWv.

setaria

hjn 750 an. ao ag e`np efn km[mcWbmbn hfcp CXv GXmv 2 ao hsc Dbcw hbvpw.hjn 1000-þ1500 an. ao agbp {]tZifn IqSpX IcptmSpIqSn hfcp CXv NqSnt\bpw hctbbpw AXnPohnpw.20þ25^oC Xm]\nebn CXv \mbn hfcpw.ap ]ppIsf At]np XWpns\ AXnPohnphm\pw CXn\p Ignbpw.

thcp]nSnn AeI \pw hnp hnXpw Irjn sNmw.agsb B{ibnp IrjnsNptm XhmcWIfn ssXI Xmdmn ag XpSptXmsS ]dnp\Smw.PetkNnX Irjnbn s^{_phcnapX \hw_ hsc GXpkabpw Irjnbndmw.

X\nhnfbmbn IrjnsNptm 50 x 30 sk. ao. AIenemWv \tSXv. ^e]pjvSnIpd apXpw PetkN\anmXpamb kmlNcyn 60-þ70 sk. ao AIew hcnI XnepmIWw.]bdphhnfItfmsSmw IrjnsNptm 100 x 30 sk. ao hcnbIew ]menWw. hnphnXbvpIbmsWn slIvSdn\p 3 1/2 apX 4 In. {Kmw hsc hnp thnhcpw.Nn\pI shbvptm slIvSdn\v 33500 apX 67000 hsc AeIpI thnhcpw.

\new Hcpptm Imenhftam Itmtm slIvSdn\v 10 S F \ncn sImSpWw. cmkhf{]tbmKnt\mSp {]tXyInp ss\{SPt\mSp \t]mse {]XnIcnpXmWv Cu hnf. \ DSs\ 7 apX 10 Znhks CSthfbn cp XhW sNdpXmbn \\psImSpWw. ]noSp Bhiyaptm \\psImSpmw. BZys cp aqp amkn\pn Htm, ctm XhW CSbnftem IfsbSptm thnhcpw.]pXnb apfI DmIpXn\pw IfIsf \nb{npXn\pw hjn Htm ctm XhW CSbnfpXv \XmWv.

\v 9-þ10 BgvN Ignm hnfshSpmw.]noSp hnfshSpp ]pns hfb\pkcnp 40 apX 60 Znhkw hsc CSthfbnemImw. Xd\ncn \npw 10 sk. ao Dbcw \nn apdnsSppXmWv IqSpX ]pXp\mpIfpmIpXn\v \Xv. agsb B{ibnp IrjnsNptm Hcp slIvSdn \npw Hcp hjw 25þ40 S ]pp e`np.PetkNnX Irjnbn CXv 75-þ150 SmIpw.

]pmbpw, ssktePmbpw, sshbvtmembpw CXp]tbmKnmw.CXn amwkyw 4.8% apX 18.4% hscbpw \mcpI 24% apX 34% hscbpw ASnbnpv. Htckabv Hnp ]qpn FXpsImpw InfnI Xnp \innpXpsImpw IXncpI [mcmfambn hoWpt]mIpXpsImpw hfscIpdp hnp am{Xta e`nmdpp.ASpp \ hbepIfn AIen \hsb At]np Htct]mse ]qpXmbmWv InpXv.hnpev]mZ\n\v cmkhf{]tbmKw A\nhmcyamWv.

kct\nb

XoppIfn hv Ghpw anIXmWv kct\nb.hfbpsS Icppw ]pns Dbchpw sImv CXv B\pv Fpw AdnbsSpp. A\pIqeImemhbpw apw Dsn Hcp ISbn 50 Nn\pI hsc s]mpw.Cebpw t]mfbpw tcmamhrXhpw CebpsS AcnIpI AcapXpw Xp \ocpXpamWv.

C\

]qk Pbv, t\nb, KPcmPv, NB-5, NB-6 , NB-21, NB-35 FnhbmWv {][m\ C\.

napier

sXp]Snmd Imehjmcw`tmsS ssXI \Smw.kcbn\ns KpWw e`npXn\p thcp]nSnn AeIpI \tm XpI apdnp \tm IrjnsNWw. aqpamksanepw {]mbap ]pns Xmgs aqn cp`mKp\npw IpI FSpWw.IqSpX aqp Xnt\m Cu {]mbnep XpIfmWp s]sps]mSnpXmbn InpXv.aqpappI hoXap IpI Ips\tbm, Ncntm \Smw.an\pXmsg cp appIfpw apIfn Hcp appw hchn[w \SWw.

kct\nb X\n hnfbmbn Irjn sNptm 60 x 60 sk. ao. CSbIew \IWw. CShnfbmbn Irjn sNptm IqsSbp hnfbpambn {IanIcnp CSbIew sImSpmw. \SotXmXv apdn Xnsbpw CXfpIfptSbpw `mca\pkcnv ammw. slIvSdn\v 25 S Imenhfhpw 50 In.{Kmw hoXw t^mkv^dkpw, s]mmjpw \nesamcpp kabv tNWw.Ccp\qdp In. {Kmw ss\{SP ctm aqtm KUpfmbn CSbnfn tNpsImSpWw.

shsns\ sNdpm hnfbmbXpsImv, agmev shw \ t]mse hmpt]mIpXn\v th kuIcyw sNWw.agtbbpw Imemhtbbpw IWnseSpp PetkN\w {IaoIcnWw. BZyLfn, ]pv intbmSpIqSn hfcm XpSpXphsc Htm ctm XhW CSbnf BhiyamWv.

\v 9-þ10 BgvN Ignbptm BZys hnfshSpp \Smw.]pp 1 1/2 ao DbcsapItbm \mepapX 6 BgvN {]mbsapItbm sNbvXm ASp hnfshSpp \Smw.hjn IpdXv 6-þ8 {]mhiyw ]ppapdnsSpmw. \nep\nv 10-þ15 sk. ao Dbcn Ipn \nn apdnpXv s]sv ]pv hfpInpXn\p klmbnpw.

hjn Hcp slIvSdn \np samw 200þ250 S ]pv 6-þ8 hnfshSpneqsS e`npw. ]pns CSbn tXmb, skt{Smtkma, tkmb]b XpSnbh IrjnsNmw.]bh hnfI CShnfbmbn IrjnsNpXp ]pns KpWtaa hnnpw.

km[mcW t\nb ]pnt\m KpWtaabpXmWp kct\nb.CXn 10.2% AkwkvIrX amwkyhpw 30.5% \mcpw ASnbncnpp.CeI hepXpw IqSpX ]pXpw Acw IpdXpw t]mfI arZphpambXp sImv IpImenIv `npXn\p {]bmkan.\mcp IpdhmWFnepw Nne C\fn HIvktep Aavfw IqSpXepv.CXp IpdbvpXn\v hnfshSppI Xnep ssZLyw IqpI (45þ60 Znhkw).

]bvpw ssktePmbpw sshbvtmembpw D]tbmKnpXn\pw DaamWv Cu ]pnt\mSpIqSn ]bh hnfI 1:2 F A\p]mXn tNpXv IqSpX KpWtabp ssktePpmpXn\p D]Icnpw.th\mev CXv sshbvtmemn ammw.IjWfmnb ]pv Hcp Znhkw shbn sImnp ]noSp XWep DWpXv \ndw \ne\npXn\p klmbnpw. CXn\npmp sshbvtmentbpw ssktePntbpw KpWw GXmp ]pnt\msSmw XsbmWv.

]mcpv

_^tm]pv, Atmfpv, audojykp]pv Fns\ ]et]cpIfnepw CXv AdnbsSpp.\Kcamen\y kwkvcnpbnSfn \np aen\Pew sImv \\bvpXp Cu ]pn\p KpWIcambn Inpv.]Sp hfcp Cu ]pns ]qpe IXncpIv 1  2 ao Dbcw hsc hcpw.

paragrass

\ agbpw (1000þ1500 an. ao.) NqSpw Cuhpap DjvWtaJem ImemhbmWv Cu ]pn\v Ghpw tbmPnXv. sNdnbtXmXnep shsnt\bpw AXnPohnpw. av CXns hfsb {]XnIqeambn _m[npw.ehWmwitam Aavfmcmhtbm hfsb Imcyambn _m[nn FXpsImv Ccw {]iv\fp CSfn Cu ]pv IrjnsNmw.tXmhnfIfptSbpw I\mepIfptSbpw IcIfnepw Xmgv \nefnepw km[mcWhnfIv \\hp IqSpXep anepw Cu ]pp hfcpw.

\new aqtm, \mtem XhW DgpXp IfI \oWw.apImesamgnp GXpImepw \Smw.agsb B{ibnp IrjnsNptm BZyag e`nptXmsS \Smw. Nn\pItfm, 3 appIfpw 15-þ30 sk.ao. \ofhpap IjWtfm \Sm\p]tbmKnmw.kabhpw ]Wnbpw IpdbvpXn\v \So hkvXp IrjnbnSn \ncnbXn\p tijw FXn ZniIfntev DgpXv aqSp coXnbpv. hnphnXpw {]h\w \Smsanepw Ipdphnpam{Xta km[mcW Dmhq FXv Hcp ]canXnbmWv.hnp t\cnp hnXbvpItbm XhmcWbn ssX apfnp ]dnp \SpItbm sNmw. A\ptbmPyamb \So AIew 50-þ60 x50þ60 sk. ao. BWv. slIvSdn\p 27000 apX 40,000 Nn\pIhsc thnhcpw. hnmsWn slIvSdn\p 2 1/2 apX 3 1/2 In. {Kmw hsc BhiyamIpw.

sXmgpp IgpInb shtam HmSshtam sImp \\bvpXp hnfbvv \ KpWw sNpw.\mev]Xp S Imenhftam Itmtm 30 In.{Kmw t^mkv^dkv, s]mmjv FnhtbmsSmw (Hcp slIvSdn\v) ASnhfambn sImSppI.tahfambn 40 In.{Kmw ss\{SP \IpXv ]pns Dev]mZ\w hnnpw. \ BZy kabv thcp ]nSnpXn\mbn ctm, aqtm XhW t\cnb tXmXn \\p sImSptnhcpw. th\mev 10þ15 Znhknsemcn \\bvpXv KpWIcamWv.

BZys cp amkw IfIfnmXncnm {inWw.Cu ]pp ]Sp ]nSnpXmbXpsImv AXn\ptijw IfIfpmIm\p km[yXbn.CShnfIfpw km[ya. \p aqp amkn\ptijw ]pp 60þ75 sk. ao. Dbcsaptm BZyhnfshSpp \Smw.]noSv 30-þ40 Znhkw CShnv ]ppapdnmw.Hcp slIvSdn \np Hcp hjw 70 S ]pv e`npw.

shns Awiw IqSpXepXpsImv sshbvtmepmpXn\p \mbncnn.Cu ]pp {][m\ambpw ssktePpmpXn\mWv D]tbmKnpXv.IpImenI CjvSsSpXpw AXypev]mZ\tijnbpXpamb Hcn\amWv CXv. hnjmwiw DXmbn Inn.XmcXtay\ t]mjIaqeyw IpdhmWv. amwkyw 2.8 apX 16.1 iXam\whscbpw \mcpI 20 apX 34 iXam\w hscbpamWv.hnpev]mZ\w IpdhmWv.]Iens ssZLyn hcp hyXymkw ]qpXns\ _m[npw.

tImwtKmkn ]pv

X\nhnfbmbpw sXn tXmpIfn CShnfbmbpw tImwtKmkn Irjn sNmw. 50 apX 100 sk. ao. Dbcw hcp Cu ]pv apkwcWn\mbpw hfmw.Hcp ISbn 30 apX 40 hsc Nn\pI DmIpw.

congo

tabvPqWnepw sk]vw_HIvtSm_dnepamWv km[mcWbmbn Cu ]pv IrjnbndpXv.Htm ctm XhW \new DgpXv IfI \on \new \ncmpI. hntm, ]pSItfm \Sm D]tbmKnmw.slIvSdn\p 2-5 In. {Kmw hnmWv ip]mi sNbvXnpXv.hnv hnXbvptm \new \Xpt]mse Hcpn 1-2 sk. ao Bgn hnnSpI.Ddppieyw HgnhmpXn\mbn 5% Im_mdn ]uU hnXdnsmSppXv ^e{]ZamWv.AeIpI \Sptm 40 x 20 sk. ao. F AIen \SWw.slIvSdn\p 50 In. {Kmw hoXw t^mkvt^pw s]mmjpw {]tbmKnptXmsSmw Ap S Imenhfhpw tNWw.ss\{SP slIvSdn\p 100-þ150 In.{Kmw F tXmXn ctm, aqtm XhWIfmbn sImSppI.
BZyLfn CSbnfpXp IfIfpsS hf \nb{npXn\p klmbIamIpw.

\v 50 Znhkn\ptijw BZyhnfshSpp \Smw.]noSp 30-þ40 Znhkw CShnp ]pp apdnsSpmw. agsb B{ibnp Irjn sNptm Hcp slIvSdn \np hjn 35-þ45 Spw PetkNnX Irjnbn 50þ180 Spw hnfhp e`npw.

Last updated: 24-4-2007

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